Unit 14 Shopping

教学建议

　　教材内容分析

　　本单元的中心话题是“购物”，所有的对话、课文及练习都是围绕这一话题展开的。我们要能熟练运用有关“挑选物品、询问价格、做出决定”的购物交际用语，同时还得学会通过互联网进行购物的方法和技巧。“Shopping on-line”给我们提供了典型的范例。本单元着重讲述了过去完成时的基本概念、构成以及它的肯定、否定和疑问句式及其简略答语，区别了so that和so…that…的不同用法。结合自己的实际情况，参考Lesson 56，进行英文日记的写作训练，也可以写一篇自己经历过的shopping活动。

　　本单元重点例句及相关知识讲解

　　1. Are you excited about going to Beijing?  去北京你很激动吗？

　　2. You’d better try them on first. 你最好先穿上试一试。

　　句中try on的意思是“穿上（戴上）试一试”。如try on 的宾语是名词时，名词可放在try on后面，也可放在try 与on之间。如：

　　I went to the tailor’s shop to try on my new suit. 我到裁缝店去试新做的西服。

　　I went to the tailor’s shop to try my new suit on. 我到裁缝店去试新做的西服

　　注：如try on的宾语是代词，代词一般要放在try与on之间。如：

　　She was trying on a new hat. (She was trying it on.) 她在试戴一顶新帽子。

　　3. Even though they’re a little expensive, I’ll take them. 即使鞋有点儿贵，我也将买它们。

　　(1)句中even though相当于even if，意思是“纵使；即使……也”。常引导让步状语从句：

　　I’ll help you, even if I don’t sleep for a night. 即使我一夜不睡觉，也还要帮助你。

　　even if ,even though还可用于虚拟语气，意思是“即使”，引导从句。如：

　　Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem at once, too. 即使他在这里，他也不能立即解决这个问题。（事实上他没有在这里。）

　　Even though she had been very busy, she would have helped us. 即使当时她很忙，她还是会帮助我们的。（事实上她当时并不十分忙，故帮助了我们）。

　　(2) expensive与high, cheap与low

　　这四个词在谈论到价格的高低时，要注意使用。expensive与high涉及到价格“高”，而cheap 与low涉及到价格“低”。

　　l)expensive昂贵的，花钱多的。这个单词若谈到“价格高，货贵”时，其主语不能是价格，必须是货物、物品本身。如：

　　This watch is expensive. 这只表很贵。

　　These glass-products are not expensive. 这些玻璃制品不是很值钱。

　　注意：cheap表示“价廉”，“便宜的”，其主语也不能是价格，必须是物品本身。如：

　　The cheap table was bought from him.  这张便宜的桌子是他卖给我们的。

　　This cloth doll is very cheap. 这只布娃娃很便宜。

　　2）high在表示价格时，含义是“高”，low在表示价格时，含义是“低”，这两个词不能用于物品本身，只能用在价格上。如：

　　The price of this watch is very high.  这只表的价格太高了。

　　The price of this book is not low for me. 这本书的价格对我来说是不低。

　　下面我们试看几个句子的正误对照：

　　The price of this computer is expensive.

　　(上句宜改为：This computer is expensive. 或The price of this computer is high. )

　　The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.

　　(上句宜改为：This pen is not cheap for him to buy. 或 The price of this pen is not low for him. )

　　4. shopping online（互联）网上或在线购物

　　5. She wanted to take pictures of this trip.

　　take pictures of this trip在旅游中照相

　　6. As she lives out in the country, there is no place to buy a very good camera.

　　因为她远在乡下居住，那儿没有能买到很好相机的地方。

　　*句中as 是连词，作“由于，因为”解，引导原因状语从句。Because，since，as，for都是说明原因的接续词，because语气最强，表示理由充分，有必然的因果关系，其次是since，表示一种间接或附带的原因，再其次是as、for，只是说明一下，关系是松弛的。如：

　　Everybody likes Tom, as he is kind and honest. Yesterday, we stayed at home because it rained. Someone invited him to dinner. He replied, “As I am ill, I won’t go out”. After he had hung up, he smiled, “I can’t see anything for the fog in fact”. I said, “Since you insist, I have to cook for you ”.

　　*句中to buy a very good camera是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰no place。

　　7. She decided to buy a digital camera online so that it could be sent to her.

　　她决定在网上订购一个数码相机，那样便可以邮寄给她。

　　句中so that意思是“以便，为了 ”，常常引导结果状语从句。“so (such) …that”引导结果状语从句，作“这么……，以至”或“所以”解，so接形容词、副词或分词，而such则接名词。如：

　　Wan Jun does exercises everyday so that she could run fast.

　　万军每天做练习，以便能跑得快。

　　Wan Jun was such a fast runner that he could almost catch up with a deer. = Wan Jun ran so fast that he could almost catch up with a deer.

　　万军跑得这么的快，以至于他的速度几乎能赶上鹿。

　　8. She had searched the Internet for two hours…

　　had searched 是过去完成时。

　　过去完成时的构成：过去完成时由“助动词had（通用于各种人称和数）+过去分词构成。

　　过去完成时的用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。用by、before等构成的短语。

　　9. Mr Sato looked at the ad.

　　ad是缩短词，也可写成advertisement，常见的缩短词还有：dormitory — dorm（宿舍）, popular — pop（流行音乐）, refrigerator — fridge（冰箱）等。

　　10. Then he found ads for other cameras as well.

　　句中as well意思是“亦；也；又；同样”。as well as 引导比较状语从句，意思是“和……做得同样好；和……一样”，as well as里的well是副词，作“好”解。

　　11. …all the information about different kinds of cameras…

　　different kinds of 不同种类的，表达“……这（几）种”可用以下组合：

　　this kind of + 名词原形 + 动词单数

　　these kinds of 名词原形/名词复数 + 动词复数

　　名词复数 + of this kind + 动词复数

　　12. click on the screen  点击屏幕

　　13. A week later Miyoko received the camera she had ordered.

　　she had ordered在这里修饰the camera，指她所订购的那台相机。

　　14.The computer cost so much that she didn’t buy it. 这台计算机太贵一直她买不起。

　 句中的cost表示“花钱”，花费，付出(只能用于钱、精力、生命等；主语必须是物。)

　　The book cost me five yuan. 我花五元钱买了这本书。

　　像take，spend，pay也都表示“花钱”这一用法，但句型不同：take的主语是动词不定式；spend，在主动语句中主语是人；pay的主语是人。be worth是“值得……的”的意思，be worth后接宾语。

　　It took me five yuan to buy the book.. 买这本书花了我五元钱。

　　I spent five yuan on (for) the book.或I spent five yuan (in) buying the book. 我花五元钱买这本书。

　　I paid five yuan for the book. 我花了五元钱买这本书。

　　The book was worth five yuan. 这本书值五元钱。

　　语法讲解

　　The Past Perfect Tense (1)

　　过去完成时态（一）

　　构成：过去完成时由“助动词had（通用于各种人称和数）+过去分词构成。

　　用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。用by、before等构成的短语。

　　Statements 陈述句

　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 在他们到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃早饭了。

　　从句中“arrived at”到达在“过去”的时间，而“had already had”吃早饭的动作发生在到达之前，因此主句的时态为“过去的过去”。

　　I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning. 今天上午10：00点以前，我已经写完了我的作文。

　　She had searched the internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera. 当她找到了佳能数码照相机的广告时，她已经在因特网上查询了两个小时。

　　I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldn’t make any mistakes. 我一遍又一遍地检查了我所写的内容，以至我没能出现任何错误。

　　Negative 否定句

　　He remembered he hadn’t paid for it yet. 他记得他没有付款。

　　He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before. 他说他在以前从来没有看过这样美丽的鸟。

　　Questions 疑问句

　　How many English flashes had you seen by the end of last term?

　　到上学期期末为止，你们看了多少部英文片。

　　Had you reached the station before ten o’clock.?

　　到十点以前，你们已经到达火车站了吗？

　　关于过去完成时态的教学建议

　　教学时态的最好形式之一是在一定的语境中通过与其他时态的比较来加深学生对这个时态的理解，这样学生首先有个感性认识，然后经过归纳总结，这种感性认识会逐步上升为理性认识。本单元第一次教学过去完成时，前面已教学了现在完成时态和一般过去时态。 

　　教师首先让学生学习第54课课文，让他们找出含有过去完成时和现在完成时的句子。如：

　　1) She had searched the Internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera.

　　2) After she had found more information,. . .

　　3) After he had checked out all the information about different kinds of cameras, . . .

　　让学生观察过去完成时与现在完成时在构成上的差异，如had或have+过去分词，时间状语的不同。

　　再要求学生比较过去完成时与一般过去时的不同，并且画出时间线，以比较两种时态。

　　教师此时再让学生思考已找出的句子的前后语境，尤其要区分一般过去时与过去完成时

　　的不同用法。本单元出现的过去完成时态，学生只要掌握过去完成时在什么情况下使用，表达什么时间意义即可，因为下一单元还会继续学习这个时态。根据上例，变化主语的数，要求学生做相应的句型转换练习，其中包括陈述句，疑问句及其肯定与否定回答。

　　关于so that句型的教学建议

　　由so…that引导的状语从句是本单元另一个语法重点。这个语法点并不难理解，教师应使学生认识这个句型表达的意思； so后面是跟形容词还是副词由so前面的谓语动词类型决定。

　　教师事先准备好画有jacket, shoes, socks, shirt, sweater, suit, trousers等衣物的图片，以及写有cost so much, cost so little, cheap, expensive, long, small等词的卡片。把he，she，we，they，John，I写在黑板上，然后出示相应的图片和卡片，造句如下：

　　The jacket cost so much that he didn't buy it.

　　This pair of trousers are so long that I can't wear them.

　　…

　　教师先让全班做快速口头造句练习，然后板书一部分例句，简要分析这个句型的构成及意义和使用场合。接着半班，行排之间进行快速口头连锁造句比赛。两组轮流造句，不能重复。教师限定时间，造句多且准确的组为优胜。接着要求学生口头完成练习册练习题。检查核对答案后，根据Study and practise和上面口头完成的两个练习，笔头造句。并要他们注意使用不同类型的谓语动词。对造句子多且好的学生应予以奖励。 

　　关于购物用语的教学建议

　　本单元教学的主要交际项目是有关“购物 (shopping)”的日常用语。这个交际项目曾在第一册、第二册出现过。本单元的教学应在归纳总结以前知识的基础上，采用多种教学手段和教学形式，使学生对“购物”这项交际项目有更全面的了解，并逐步掌握购物过程中“挑选物品、询问价格、做出决定”的不同表达形式。建议教师采用如下教学步骤：

　　教师准备出示画有shop, sweater，shoes的图片或学习用品的实物，并要求一位学习好的学生配合教师演示如下对话：

　　1. (出示sweater 图片)

　　T: My sweater is worn out.

　　S: You can buy one in the shop. It sells clothes there.

　　T: I want to go shopping now. Can you come with me, please? I can't decide which sweater to buy.

　　S: Let me help you.

　　2. S shopkeeper: What can I do for you?

　　C customer: I'd like two woolen sweaters for my friend.

　　S: Well, which colour do you like?

　　C: Blue.

　　S: What size do you want?

　　C: Size Ten.

　　S: What about this one?

　　C: It looks nice. Can I try it on, please?

　　S: Certainly.

　　C: Well, how much does it cost?

　　S: Eighty-five yuan.

　　C: Oh. That's cheap. I'll have it, please.

　　以上两段对话基本上是在复习以前所学的有关购物的表达法，其间穿插了一些本单元第53课要学习的词语和句子。这样通过看教师的演示，学生复习、巩固了以往所学的知识，并逐渐接触新语言点，为下一步学习做好辅垫。

　　在学生们理解的基础上，教师出示shoes的图片，再次演示以上对话(注意对话中名词、

　　代词及谓语动词等要作相应的变化)，并将主要句型板书于黑板上。然后全班、半班操练，以巩固这些句型。

　　下一步教师要学生听第53课录音。然后全班、半班、行排、两人一组分角色练习这段对话。

　　教第二部分对话时，教师可要学生听录音数遍或与事前安排好的学生演示数遍，使学生熟悉对话内容。在他们未学过的语句上，教师予以强调。然后分角色进行全班、半班、行排、两人小组操练。

　　最后教师引导学生归纳总结“购物(shopping)”的日常交际用语。

　　选购物品：售货员可以说以下的话：

　　Can I help you? What can I do for you? Which would you like? How many/much do you

　　want? Is that all? Do you like…? What about …? Which one/ colour / …do you like? What

　　size do you want? Is this one better? OK/Certainly. Here you are. No hurry. Please take your

　　time! I'm afraid we haven't got any …in that size at the moment. I'm sorry. We've sold out.

　　the… in your size. But we've got some… ones.

　　顾客可以说的话：

　　I want to buy (some) … (for…) this evening/afternoon/morning. Thank you. / Yes, please. I want … of..., please. I would like ..., please. I'd like… for … No. And some …please. I want some … About… (数量), please. We'll/Ill have a look at the …Thank you. I like the colour, but it's/they're too… /No, the colour's too .... It's great, but it's not… enough. /They are great, but they're not …enough. I prefer…, but this… is too… ! That's too … Yes. That's just right. Have you got any other kind/ colour /size? That looks nice/great. Can/May I try them/it on, please? Have you got anything cheaper?

　　谈论价格并做决定：（顾客）How much does it cost?/ How much do they cost? How much are these things? That's (much) too expensive, I'm afraid. That's (quite) cheap/dear. That's a bit expensive. I like it, but it costs too much. / I like them, but they cost too much. I can't decide. I'll take it. I'll just buy…

　　售货员：Let me see…(价格),…yuan /dollars please. You haven't paid for it yet. That's the cheapest/most expensive … we have, I'm afraid.

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